Publications

In the 1980s, the USSR was a multiscalar political entity, both a single state and a Cold War superpower. The interaction between these two spaces of projection (national and transnational) called into play the capacity of Soviet institutions - state and partisan - to configure the doctrine of socialist internationalism. This doctrine, in the Foucauldian sense of the term, functions as a double system of constraint: it binds the USSR to a particular discourse, which in turn gives it power over the members of the socialist bloc who receive it. Perestroika's reform of the USSR's economic governance must therefore be seen in terms of its impact on the people's democracies, as well as the feedback effect that this bloc-wide evolution of the economic principles of socialism had on the USSR. This article looks at how the organization for multilateral economic cooperation of the socialist states, the CMEA, became an agent of a transnational production of economic reform of socialism in the 1980s, which partly escaped the USSR, while politically and economically influencing the latter's room for maneuver in its own reforms. The impossible decorrelation between the rational principles of Soviet governance on the scale of the USSR and the socialist governmentality of the world-economy, built up since 1949 on the scale of the Eastern bloc, sheds light on the transnational dimension of the Soviet reforms of the 1980s, whose local implementation cannot be separated from an understanding of how they were debated on an international scale.

This data paper presents an open-access database that identifies and compares 894 French general news media that broadcast their news on Facebook, Instagram, X (ex-Twitter) and/or YouTube. This database offers an up-to-date and extensive census of media active on four of the most widely used socio-numerical networks (SNNs) for news and information in France. The data paper explains and details the principles and operations of the media census: by selecting media recognized as such by various central institutions of the journalistic field, with contrasting visions of what a media is, our approach goes beyond the limits of self-definition of media and overly restrictive institutional definitions. The database includes addresses and identifiers for accessing the sites and accounts of the media studied, as well as data on their age, production volume and visibility on Facebook, Instagram and YouTube. These data can be used for a wide variety of research purposes, whether they concern one or several RSNs, and the production, circulation or reception of information.

Historically, diplomacy was conceived as an inter-state practice. While it has accompanied the settlement of European wars since the 17th century, its mobilization in the settlement of intra-state conflicts such as civil wars came later. It wasn't until the creation of the United Nations, a few ad hoc initiatives during the Cold War and, above all, the end of the Cold War, that international diplomacy played a growing role in the mediation of civil wars. However, these latter conflicts are often violent, fragmented and/or marked by extensive interference from outside powers (Bosnia, Libya, Syria, Yemen). As a result, failures to resolve conflicts through diplomatic means appear to be more frequent than "successes" (Colombia).